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<title>[60950] trunk: Charset: Conditionally polyfill utf8_encode() and utf8_decode().</title>
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<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Revision</dt> <dd><a style="font-weight: bold" href="https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/60950">60950</a><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"EmailMessage","description":"Review this Commit","action":{"@type":"ViewAction","url":"https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/60950","name":"Review Commit"}}</script></dd>
<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Author</dt> <dd>dmsnell</dd>
<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Date</dt> <dd>2025-10-16 23:17:14 +0000 (Thu, 16 Oct 2025)</dd>
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<pre style='padding-left: 1em; margin: 2em 0; border-left: 2px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.25; font-size: 105%; font-family: sans-serif'>Charset: Conditionally polyfill utf8_encode() and utf8_decode().

The `utf8_encode()` and `utf8_decode()` functions were deprecated in PHP 8.2.0 and will be removed in PHP 9.0. When that happens, any existing code which calls them will trigger a crash.

This patch introduces polyfills for those functions when they aren't already present. The polyfill functions maintain backwards compatibility, including a deprecation notice.

Any code calling either of these functions ought to be refactored to avoid using them; there are better options which don't carry the issues these functions do, and any code calling them is likely calling them inappropriately.

Developed in https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/pull/10011
Discussed in https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/55603
Discussed in https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/63863

See <a href="https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/63863">#63863</a>.</pre>

<h3>Modified Paths</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#trunksrcwpincludescompatutf8php">trunk/src/wp-includes/compat-utf8.php</a></li>
<li><a href="#trunksrcwpincludescompatphp">trunk/src/wp-includes/compat.php</a></li>
</ul>

<h3>Added Paths</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#trunktestsphpunittestsformattingdeprecatedUtfEncodeDecodephp">trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/formatting/deprecatedUtfEncodeDecode.php</a></li>
</ul>

</div>
<div id="patch">
<h3>Diff</h3>
<a id="trunksrcwpincludescompatutf8php"></a>
<div class="modfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Modified: trunk/src/wp-includes/compat-utf8.php</h4>
<pre class="diff"><span>
<span class="info" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">--- trunk/src/wp-includes/compat-utf8.php     2025-10-16 20:58:26 UTC (rev 60949)
+++ trunk/src/wp-includes/compat-utf8.php       2025-10-16 23:17:14 UTC (rev 60950)
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -337,3 +337,142 @@
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> 
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        return $count;
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> }
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+
+/**
+ * Converts a string from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8, maintaining backwards compatibility
+ * with the deprecated function from the PHP standard library.
+ *
+ * @since 6.9.0
+ * @access private
+ *
+ * @see \utf8_encode()
+ *
+ * @param string $iso_8859_1_text Text treated as ISO-8859-1 (latin1) bytes.
+ * @return string Text converted into UTF-8.
+ */
+function _wp_utf8_encode_fallback( $iso_8859_1_text ) {
+       $iso_8859_1_text = (string) $iso_8859_1_text;
+       $at              = 0;
+       $was_at          = 0;
+       $end             = strlen( $iso_8859_1_text );
+       $utf8            = '';
+
+       while ( $at < $end ) {
+               // US-ASCII bytes are identical in ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8. These are 0x00–0x7F.
+               $ascii_byte_count = strspn(
+                       $iso_8859_1_text,
+                       "\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f" .
+                       "\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f" .
+                       " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f",
+                       $at
+               );
+
+               if ( $ascii_byte_count > 0 ) {
+                       $at += $ascii_byte_count;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               // All other bytes transform into two-byte UTF-8 sequences.
+               $code_point = ord( $iso_8859_1_text[ $at ] );
+               $byte1      = chr( 0xC0 | ( $code_point >> 6 ) );
+               $byte2      = chr( 0x80 | ( $code_point & 0x3F ) );
+
+               $utf8 .= substr( $iso_8859_1_text, $was_at, $at - $was_at );
+               $utf8 .= "{$byte1}{$byte2}";
+
+               ++$at;
+               $was_at = $at;
+       }
+
+       if ( 0 === $was_at ) {
+               return $iso_8859_1_text;
+       }
+
+       $utf8 .= substr( $iso_8859_1_text, $was_at );
+       return $utf8;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a string from UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1, maintaining backwards compatibility
+ * with the deprecated function from the PHP standard library.
+ *
+ * @since 6.9.0
+ * @access private
+ *
+ * @see \utf8_decode()
+ *
+ * @param string $utf8_text Text treated as UTF-8 bytes.
+ * @return string Text converted into ISO-8859-1.
+ */
+function _wp_utf8_decode_fallback( $utf8_text ) {
+       $utf8_text       = (string) $utf8_text;
+       $at              = 0;
+       $was_at          = 0;
+       $end             = strlen( $utf8_text );
+       $iso_8859_1_text = '';
+
+       while ( $at < $end ) {
+               // US-ASCII bytes are identical in ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8. These are 0x00–0x7F.
+               $ascii_byte_count = strspn(
+                       $utf8_text,
+                       "\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f" .
+                       "\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f" .
+                       " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f",
+                       $at
+               );
+
+               if ( $ascii_byte_count > 0 ) {
+                       $at += $ascii_byte_count;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               $next_at        = $at;
+               $invalid_length = 0;
+               $found          = _wp_scan_utf8( $utf8_text, $next_at, $invalid_length, null, 1 );
+               $span_length    = $next_at - $at;
+               $next_byte      = '?';
+
+               if ( 1 !== $found ) {
+                       if ( $invalid_length > 0 ) {
+                               $next_byte = '';
+                               goto flush_sub_part;
+                       }
+
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               // All convertible code points are two-bytes long.
+               $byte1 = ord( $utf8_text[ $at ] );
+               if ( 0xC0 !== ( $byte1 & 0xE0 ) ) {
+                       goto flush_sub_part;
+               }
+
+               // All convertible code points are not greater than U+FF.
+               $byte2 = ord( $utf8_text[ $at + 1 ] );
+               $code_point = ( ( $byte1 & 0x1F ) << 6 ) | ( ( $byte2 & 0x3F ) );
+               if ( $code_point > 0xFF ) {
+                       goto flush_sub_part;
+               }
+
+               $next_byte = chr( $code_point );
+
+               flush_sub_part:
+               $iso_8859_1_text .= substr( $utf8_text, $was_at, $at - $was_at );
+               $iso_8859_1_text .= $next_byte;
+               $at              += $span_length;
+               $was_at           = $at;
+
+               if ( $invalid_length > 0 ) {
+                       $iso_8859_1_text .= '?';
+                       $at              += $invalid_length;
+                       $was_at           = $at;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if ( 0 === $was_at ) {
+               return $utf8_text;
+       }
+
+       $iso_8859_1_text .= substr( $utf8_text, $was_at );
+       return $iso_8859_1_text;
+}
</ins></span></pre></div>
<a id="trunksrcwpincludescompatphp"></a>
<div class="modfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Modified: trunk/src/wp-includes/compat.php</h4>
<pre class="diff"><span>
<span class="info" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">--- trunk/src/wp-includes/compat.php  2025-10-16 20:58:26 UTC (rev 60949)
+++ trunk/src/wp-includes/compat.php    2025-10-16 23:17:14 UTC (rev 60950)
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -247,6 +247,74 @@
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">                : strlen( $str );
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> }
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> 
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+if ( ! function_exists( 'utf8_encode' ) ) :
+       if ( extension_loaded( 'mbstring' ) ) :
+               /**
+                * Converts a string from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8.
+                *
+                * @deprecated Use {@see \mb_convert_encoding()} instead.
+                *
+                * @since 6.9.0
+                *
+                * @param string $iso_8859_1_text Text treated as ISO-8859-1 (latin1) bytes.
+                * @return string Text converted into a UTF-8.
+                */
+               function utf8_encode( $iso_8859_1_text ): string {
+                       _deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '6.9.0', 'mb_convert_encoding' );
+
+                       return mb_convert_encoding( $iso_8859_1_text, 'UTF-8', 'ISO-8859-1' );
+               }
+
+       else :
+               /**
+                * @ignore
+                * @private
+                *
+                * @since 6.9.0
+                */
+               function utf8_encode( $iso_8859_1_text ): string {
+                       _deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '6.9.0', 'mb_convert_encoding' );
+
+                       return _wp_utf8_encode_fallback( $iso_8859_1_text );
+               }
+
+       endif;
+endif;
+
+if ( ! function_exists( 'utf8_decode' ) ) :
+       if ( extension_loaded( 'mbstring' ) ) :
+               /**
+                * Converts a string from UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1.
+                *
+                * @deprecated Use {@see \mb_convert_encoding()} instead.
+                *
+                * @since 6.9.0
+                *
+                * @param string $utf8_text Text treated as UTF-8.
+                * @return string Text converted into ISO-8859-1.
+                */
+               function utf8_decode( $utf8_text ): string {
+                       _deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '6.9.0', 'mb_convert_encoding' );
+
+                       return mb_convert_encoding( $utf8_text, 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8' );
+               }
+
+       else :
+               /**
+                * @ignore
+                * @private
+                *
+                * @since 6.9.0
+                */
+               function utf8_decode( $utf8_text ): string {
+                       _deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '6.9.0', 'mb_convert_encoding' );
+
+                       return _wp_utf8_decode_fallback( $utf8_text );
+               }
+
+       endif;
+endif;
+
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> // sodium_crypto_box() was introduced in PHP 7.2.
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> if ( ! function_exists( 'sodium_crypto_box' ) ) {
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sodium_compat/autoload.php';
</span></span></pre></div>
<a id="trunktestsphpunittestsformattingdeprecatedUtfEncodeDecodephp"></a>
<div class="addfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Added: trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/formatting/deprecatedUtfEncodeDecode.php</h4>
<pre class="diff"><span>
<span class="info" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">--- trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/formatting/deprecatedUtfEncodeDecode.php                                (rev 0)
+++ trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/formatting/deprecatedUtfEncodeDecode.php  2025-10-16 23:17:14 UTC (rev 60950)
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+<?php
+
+/**
+ * @group formatting
+ */
+class Tests_DeprecatedUtf8EncodeDecodeTest extends WP_UnitTestCase {
+       /**
+        * Ensures that the fallback for {@see \utf8_encode()} maps the ISO-8859-1 characters properly.
+        *
+        * @ticket 63863.
+        */
+       public function test_utf8_encode_characters() {
+               for ( $i = 0; $i <= 0xFF; $i++ ) {
+                       $c     = chr( $i );
+                       $hex_i = strtoupper( str_pad( dechex( $i ), 2, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT ) );
+
+                       $this->assertSame(
+                               bin2hex( mb_convert_encoding( $c, 'UTF-8', 'ISO-8859-1' ) ),
+                               bin2hex( _wp_utf8_encode_fallback( $c ) ),
+                               "Failed to convert U+{$hex_i} properly."
+                       );
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Ensures that the fallback for {@see \utf8_encode()} properly
+        * matches the legacy behavior for a given set of test cases.
+        *
+        * @ticket 63863.
+        *
+        * @dataProvider data_utf8_strings
+        */
+       public function test_utf8_encode_cases( $input ) {
+               $this->assertSame(
+                       mb_convert_encoding( $input, 'UTF-8', 'ISO-8859-1' ),
+                       _wp_utf8_encode_fallback( $input ),
+                       'Failed to properly convert.'
+               );
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Data provider.
+        *
+        * @return array[].
+        */
+       public static function data_utf8_strings() {
+               return array(
+                       'Basic valid string' => array( 'Dan eats cinnamon toast.' ),
+                       'Valid with Emoji'   => array( 'The best Emoji is 🅰.' ),
+                       'Truncated bytes'    => array( substr( 'England has 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿', 0, -1 ) ),
+                       'Minimal subpart'    => array( "One \xC0, two \xE2\x80, three \xF0\x95\x85." ),
+               );
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Ensures that the fallback for {@see \utf8_decode()} maps the UTF-8 characters properly.
+        *
+        * @ticket 63863.
+        */
+       public function test_utf8_decode_characters() {
+               for ( $i = 0; $i <= 0x10FFFF; $i++ ) {
+                       $hex_i = strtoupper( str_pad( dechex( $i ), 2, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT ) );
+
+                       if ( $i < 0xD800 || $i > 0xE000 ) {
+                               $c = mb_chr( $i );
+                       } else {
+                               /*
+                                * Since the UTF-16 surrogate halves are not valid Unicode characters,
+                                * these have to be manually constructed as invalid UTF-8.
+                                */
+                               $byte1 = 0xE0 | ( $i >> 12 );
+                               $byte2 = 0x80 | ( ( $i >> 6 ) & 0x3F );
+                               $byte3 = 0x80 | ( $i & 0x3F );
+
+                               $c = "{$byte1}{$byte2}{$byte3}";
+                       }
+
+                       $this->assertSame(
+                               bin2hex( mb_convert_encoding( $c, 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8' ) ),
+                               bin2hex( _wp_utf8_decode_fallback( $c ) ),
+                               "Failed to convert U+{$hex_i} properly."
+                       );
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Ensures that the fallback for {@see \utf8_encode()} properly
+        * matches the legacy behavior for a given set of test cases.
+        *
+        * @ticket 63863.
+        *
+        * @dataProvider data_iso_8859_1_strings
+        */
+       public function test_utf8_decode_cases( $input ) {
+               $this->assertSame(
+                       mb_convert_encoding( $input, 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8' ),
+                       _wp_utf8_decode_fallback( $input ),
+                       'Failed to properly convert.'
+               );
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Data provider.
+        *
+        * @return array[].
+        */
+       public static function data_iso_8859_1_strings() {
+               return array(
+                       'Basic valid string'     => array( 'Dan eats cinnamon toast' ),
+                       'Latin1 supplement'      => array( 'Pi\xF1a is another name for Pineapple.' ),
+                       'Bytes as invalid UTF-8' => array( 'The \x95 is invalid UTF-8.' ),
+               );
+       }
+}
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">Property changes on: trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/formatting/deprecatedUtfEncodeDecode.php
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">___________________________________________________________________
</span></span></pre></div>
<a id="svneolstyle"></a>
<div class="addfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Added: svn:eol-style</h4></div>
<ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+native
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">\ No newline at end of property
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