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<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Revision</dt> <dd><a style="font-weight: bold" href="https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/60614">60614</a><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"EmailMessage","description":"Review this Commit","action":{"@type":"ViewAction","url":"https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/60614","name":"Review Commit"}}</script></dd>
<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Author</dt> <dd>peterwilsoncc</dd>
<dt style="float: left; width: 6em; font-weight: bold">Date</dt> <dd>2025-08-07 01:32:17 +0000 (Thu, 07 Aug 2025)</dd>
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<pre style='padding-left: 1em; margin: 2em 0; border-left: 2px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.25; font-size: 105%; font-family: sans-serif'>Upgrade/Install: Reduce number of DB queries populating roles.

Reduces the number of database queries made when populating roles during install/multisite site creation by 344 (347 queries down to 3).

`populate_roles()` has been modified to prevent an individual database query each time a role or capability is added to the `WP_Roles` object. Instead the roles option, `{$wpdb->prefix}user_roles` is updated once at the end of the function call.

Introduces a test to ensure that updating the roles option via `WP_Roles` and updating the option in the manner now used by `populate_roles()` results in the same capabilities been applied to a role.

Props fliespl, johnjamesjacoby, ocean90, realloc, rishabhwp, sainathpoojary, sirlouen, spacedmonkey, swissspidy.
Fixes <a href="https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/37687">#37687</a>.</pre>

<h3>Modified Paths</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#trunksrcwpadminincludesschemaphp">trunk/src/wp-admin/includes/schema.php</a></li>
<li><a href="#trunktestsphpunittestsusercapabilitiesphp">trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/user/capabilities.php</a></li>
</ul>

</div>
<div id="patch">
<h3>Diff</h3>
<a id="trunksrcwpadminincludesschemaphp"></a>
<div class="modfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Modified: trunk/src/wp-admin/includes/schema.php</h4>
<pre class="diff"><span>
<span class="info" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">--- trunk/src/wp-admin/includes/schema.php    2025-08-06 22:35:39 UTC (rev 60613)
+++ trunk/src/wp-admin/includes/schema.php      2025-08-07 01:32:17 UTC (rev 60614)
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -713,6 +713,13 @@
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">  * @since 2.0.0
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">  */
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> function populate_roles() {
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+        $wp_roles = wp_roles();
+
+       // Disable role updates to the database while populating roles.
+       $original_use_db  = $wp_roles->use_db;
+       $wp_roles->use_db = false;
+
+       // Populate roles
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">         populate_roles_160();
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        populate_roles_210();
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        populate_roles_230();
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -721,6 +728,14 @@
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        populate_roles_270();
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        populate_roles_280();
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        populate_roles_300();
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+
+       // Save the updated roles to the database.
+       if ( $original_use_db ) {
+               update_option( $wp_roles->role_key, $wp_roles->roles, true );
+       }
+
+       // Restore original value for writing to database.
+       $wp_roles->use_db = $original_use_db;
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> }
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> 
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> /**
</span></span></pre></div>
<a id="trunktestsphpunittestsusercapabilitiesphp"></a>
<div class="modfile"><h4 style="background-color: #eee; color: inherit; margin: 1em 0; padding: 1.3em; font-size: 115%">Modified: trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/user/capabilities.php</h4>
<pre class="diff"><span>
<span class="info" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">--- trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/user/capabilities.php   2025-08-06 22:35:39 UTC (rev 60613)
+++ trunk/tests/phpunit/tests/user/capabilities.php     2025-08-07 01:32:17 UTC (rev 60614)
</span><span class="lines" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px; color: #888">@@ -2542,4 +2542,55 @@
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">                        );
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">                }
</span><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px">        }
</span><ins style="background-color: #dfd; text-decoration:none; display:block; padding: 0 10px">+
+       /**
+        * Ensure that caps are updated correctly when using `update_option()` to save roles.
+        *
+        * Compares the efficiency and accuracy of updating role capabilities when `WP_Roles`
+        * uses the database vs when the updates are done via `update_option()`.
+        *
+        * This method of updating roles is used in `populate_roles()` to reduce the number of
+        * queries by approximately 300.
+        *
+        * @ticket 37687
+        */
+       public function test_role_capabilities_updated_correctly_via_update_option() {
+               global $wp_roles;
+               $emcee_role = 'emcee';
+               $wp_roles->add_role( $emcee_role, 'Emcee', array( 'level_1' => true ) );
+               $this->flush_roles();
+
+               $expected_caps = array(
+                       'level_1'             => true,
+                       'attend_kit_kat_klub' => true,
+                       'win_tony_award'      => true,
+               );
+
+               $start_queries = get_num_queries();
+               $wp_roles->add_cap( $emcee_role, 'attend_kit_kat_klub' );
+               $wp_roles->add_cap( $emcee_role, 'win_tony_award' );
+               $emcee_queries = get_num_queries() - $start_queries;
+               $this->flush_roles();
+               $emcee_caps = $wp_roles->get_role( $emcee_role )->capabilities;
+
+               $wp_roles->use_db = false;
+               $sally_role       = 'sally';
+               $wp_roles->add_role( $sally_role, 'Sally Bowles', array( 'level_1' => true ) );
+               $start_queries = get_num_queries();
+               $wp_roles->add_cap( $sally_role, 'attend_kit_kat_klub' );
+               $wp_roles->add_cap( $sally_role, 'win_tony_award' );
+
+               update_option( $wp_roles->role_key, $wp_roles->roles, true );
+               $sally_queries    = get_num_queries() - $start_queries;
+               $wp_roles->use_db = true;
+
+               // Restore the default value.
+               $this->flush_roles();
+               $sally_caps = $wp_roles->get_role( $sally_role )->capabilities;
+
+               $this->assertSameSetsWithIndex( $expected_caps, $emcee_caps, 'Emcee role should include the three expected capabilities.' );
+               $this->assertSameSetsWithIndex( $expected_caps, $sally_caps, 'Sally role should include the three expected capabilities.' );
+               $this->assertSameSetsWithIndex( $emcee_caps, $sally_caps, 'Emcee and Sally roles should have the same capabilities after update.' );
+               $this->assertLessThan( $emcee_queries, $sally_queries, 'Updating roles via update_option should be more efficient than WP_Roles using the database.' );
+       }
</ins><span class="cx" style="display: block; padding: 0 10px"> }
</span></span></pre>
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